The term Urdu derives from a Turkish word ordu that means camp or army. The Urdu language developed between the Muslim soldiers of the Mughals armies who belonged to varied ethnicities like Turks, Arabs, Persians, Pathans, Balochis, Rajputs, Jats and Afghans. These soldiers lived in shut contact with one another and communicated in several dialects, which slowly and gradually developed into present day Urdu. It’s for this reason that Urdu can also be referred to as Lashkari Zaban or language of the army.
Throughout its development Urdu language additionally assumed various names like the time period Urdu-e-Maullah which means the exalted army which was given by Emperor Shah Jahan and the time period Rekhta meaning scattered (with Persian words) which was coined by the scholars for Urdu poetry.
History and Evolution of Urdu Language
Evolution and development of any language relies on the evolution and development of a society the place that language is spoken. Various invasions and conquests on a place have an effect on the development of its language. Urdu isn’t any exception as it also underwent varied stages of development.
Urdu belongs to the Indo-Aryan household of languages. Urdu by origin is considered to be a descendent of Saur Senic Prakrit. The time period Prakrriti means root or basis. It is a later model of Sanskrit. As Prakrit language began to develop, it was influenced by Western Hindi dialects of Khari Boli, Brij Bhasa and Haryanvi.
With the approaching of Insha’s Darya-e-Latafat*, a necessity was felt to distinguish Urdu with other languages particularly Hindi. It turned a Hindi-Urdu controversy and consequently Khari Boli and Devanagari grew to become the identity of Indians while Urdu and Persian of Muslims. In this context, Persian and Arabic words changed with Sanskrit served the purpose of differentiating Hindi from Urdu.
Urdu emerged as a distinct language after 1193 AD — the time of the Muslims conquest. When the Muslims conquered this part of the continent, they made Persian the official and cultural language of India. As a result of the amalgamation of local dialects and the language of the invaders — which was either Persian, Arabic and Turkish, a new language evolved which later grew to become Urdu. In the course of the Mughals reign, Urdu was spoken in palaces and court and till the tip of the Mughal rule; Urdu was the official language of most of Mughal states. This was the time when Urdu had develop into Persianized and enriched with Persian words, phrases and even script and grammar. With the coming of the British, new English words also grew to become part of the Urdu language. Many English words were accepted in their real form while others have been accepted after some modifications.
Presently, Urdu vocabulary incorporates approximately 70% of Persian words and the remainder are a mixture of Arabic and Turkish words. However, there are additionally traces of the French, Portuguese and Dutch language in Urdu. But these influences are little.
Urdu was taken to other parts of the country by soldiers, saints and sufis and by the common people. As a result of the political, social and cultural contacts amongst the people of various speech and dialects, a blended form of language formed called ‘Rekhta’ (Urdu and Persian in mixed form). Soon folks started to make use of the new language of their speech and in literature which resulted within the enrichment of Urdu language and literature.
Urdu Literature
The origin of Urdu literature dates back to the thirteenth century in India throughout the Mughal rule. Probably the most eminent earliest poets who made utilization of Urdu in his poetry is Amir Khusro who can be called the father of Urdu language. In literature, Urdu was often used alongside side Persian. Mughal kings had been the nice patrons of artwork and literature and it was under their rule that Urdu language reached its zenith. There used to be a tradition of ‘Sheri Mehfils’ (poetic gatherings) within the kings’ courts. Abul Fazal Faizi and Abdul Rahim Khankhana have been the famous Urdu poets of Mughal court. Likewise, Mirza Ghalib, Allama Iqbal, Hakim Momin, Ibrahim Zauq, Mir Taqi Mir, Sauda, Ibn-e-Insha and Faiz Ahmed Faiz have contributed to the evolution of Urdu language by their literary works.
It is certainly true that Hindi and Urdu are descendents of the same language i.e. Prakrit, however where the Hindi took affect from Sanskrit and adopted Devanagri script of writing, Urdu absorbed words from Persian, Turkish and Arabic languages and adopted Persian-Arabic script and Nastaliq calligraphic style of writing and emerged as a separate language. But beside widespread ancestry, the 2 languages are as completely different as can be. There are marked grammatical, phonological and lexical differences in both languages.
Urdu was also used as a tool by the Muslims for freedom wrestle and for making awareness among Muslim communities in South Asia to unite under the banner of Independence from British Raj. For this, providers of Maulana Hali, Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and Allama Iqbal usually are notable, who through their poetry and prose provoked the necessary spark within the lives of the Muslims. Urdu was chosen to turn out to be the nationwide language of Pakistan at the time of Independence from British. Urdu is now the nationwide language of Pakistan, spoken and understood totally by majority of the population.
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